Yes it is spring in Paris and it is sunny and warm with new blossom and leaves on the trees.

We were last here in 1978, 37 years ago, half a life time. We were here for our fifth wedding anniversary which I guess was appropriate as Paris vies with Venice as being the most romantic city in the world. We were camping in the Bois de Boulogne and were here for about 3 days. We ticked off all the tourist spots, the Eiffel Tower, the Arc de Triomphe, Notre Dame, the Mona Lisa and Venus de Milo at The Louvre, Sacre Coeur and went out to Versailles. The Centre Pompidou was newly open and an architectural sensation so spent some time there and went to the Folies Bergere which were still considered slightly risque back then.

This time we are only here a day before catching the TGV train to Bayonne tomorrow. We decided not to join any queues at museums or galleries or towers or river boats but to just take to our feet and soak up the sites, sounds, smells, tastes and feel the warmth of a lovely  Paris day.

We headed off toward the Eiffel Tower thinking this is a pretty big landmark and should be easy to find. Leaving our hotel we could see it off in the distance but after winding through narrow streets flanked with five or six story apartments we kept losing it until it popped up off to the left or right but still the same distance away.

This became a bit of a game as rule number one was no consulting a map. We did come across some interesting things. In a narrow street we saw a sort of conveyor belt contraption propped up at an angle against the building. A house lot of furniture was being loaded up to a little balcony on the third floor. We knew a lot of these older apartments had no lifts so now we know how they move their belongings.

Then to the circus of the Arc de Triomphe which is the epitome of organised chaos but somehow seems to work. Twelve roads radiate from the roundabout and there are about six layers of vehicles circulating and trying to enter and exit. If you are in the roundabout you give way to anyone entering which seems crazy. While there we saw a crash that injured a driver so a police vehicle and ambulance joined the circus. Three policemen stood in the road at the busiest intersections , waving their arms and blowing whistles. They were studiously ignored and almost run down many times. It’s amazing that tour coaches and eighteen wheeler trucks join this crazy dance.

Barbara is disappointed she is not getting to use her school girl French as people look at us and speak in English. At a cafe for breakfast she bravely asked for deux omelettes avec fromage et jambon s’il vous plait and the waitress said “right two ham and cheese omelettes, what would you like to drink”?

The hotel room,  actually a tiny studio apartment,  is great. Two minutes walk from the Air  France Les Cars shuttle bus stop and the Gare Montparnasse TGV train station. It is very trendily modern, has a bathroom with bath, a fully equipped little kitchen, wee table, with two chairs, couch, and a “Murphy” bed. The whole place only works because the couch sort of folds down onto the floor and the double bed hinges down out of the wall. With the bed down there is very little space for your bags or to walk around.

Tomorrow we head south.

Today was a contrast in two flights.

Air NZ departs at 11pm for a twelve hour flight. So we all start weary after a full day. There’s a meal at 1am which you don’t really want and then the cabin is darkened and you try and sleep or stare numbly with increasingly sore eyes at the back of the seat in front of you. There’s a moving image but you keep losing concentration on it. And your mouth gets drier and drier and your nose and ears block up. After hours and hours you look at your watch and 15 minutes have passes.

The passengers are 95% Chinese and they all seem to have brought young children. The children all want to scream and after a while you want to scream too. It’s dark inside and dark outside but nothing to see anyway because it’s all sea. After a lifetime the walking dead emerge into a hot humid beige haze land.

For some reason our luggage could only be checked through to Shanghai,  not Paris as other people’s were. So instead of going to a transit lounge with no formalities we had to fill out an arrivals card, queue for immigration, wait at baggage claim, queue at Customs and queue at security. Then a 2 km walk through what must be the largest terminal in the world to check in at Air France. No eticket kiosks here. Queue for ages to get a boarding pass, queue for security, queue for departure card at immigration. A 2 hour 50 minute stop over and spent 2 hour 20 minutes in queues.

We were not looking forward to the second flight of the zombies. But no, what a difference. The flight left at 10am so all the other passengers were fresh and excited, they were Chinese excited to go to Paris and French excited to leave China and go home.

After 2 hours lunch arrived and it came with champagne, wine and beer, and concluded with aperitifs. And it all came with chic, elegant flight attendants who truly smiled with their eyes and not fake smiles with only the corner of their mouths. They purred at you seductively in French even if they were only saying merci monsieur. I think lack of sleep and relaxing after lunch with a small bottle of cognac were having their effect.

Barb thought the flight attendants were a bit intimidating being so tall and immaculately groomed.

Little groups gathered in the aisles and the lobbies to the galleys and the rest rooms and everyone was very chatty and smiling and making new best friends. A million selfies were taken with nameless people you will never see again. Next month: delete, delete, delete.  Nobody bothered watching movies.

Outside and inside it was bright and we flew all day in the sunshine and it was all over land even if it was Mongolia or all the Stans. Is there an Anzacistan somewhere in Turkey? The only nagging thought was how many war zones we were crossing. In no time we had landed and it felt like you had spent a pleasant afternoon with convivial friends and you sort of didn’t want to leave.

It is interesting to sit in the plane and listen to the difference between Chinese and French. To me Cantonese seems to be sharp and jagged and shouted. French seems to be soft and silky and almost whispered.

Everyone talks about airline food so here goes. The food on Air France is no better than Air NZ. It is just slightly more adventurous and interesting.  What seems delicious in French is just a bit ordinary in English. On Air France, in the afternoon when the throat was starting to get a bit dry,they brought around ice cream on a stick. Just perfect.

For our age we are reasonably fit and healthy. We do an awful lot of cycling, regular walking and a little swimming. In February we went to Tasmania for 3 weeks which included some walking and 10 days of cycle touring with panniers. We had concentrated on keeping cycling fit and decided to leave preparation for the Camino until after we returned from Tas.

The chart below is a record of the training we did over the last 10 weeks:

The red squares are walking days, the green are cycling days and the white days were sitting out in the sun practicing drinking red wine and eating tappas.

Walks less than 10 km and rides less than 40 km are not recorded. We did a total of 708 km walking and 846 km cycling.

At the start we were aerobically fit, more so than needed for walking, but not walking fit.

We used the walks to try out different socks, shoes, clothes, etc, and also experimented with day packs and walking poles. The only things we didn’t get to trial were our ponchos as it didn’t rain at all.

Twice we did a four day walk – Raumati to Plimmerton to Wellington to Plimmerton to Raumati – 110 kms. The first time, in our second week of preparation we had tired legs and tender feet with one or two small blisters and hot spots. The second time in the eighth week was much more comfortable, no leg or feet issues and we had learnt to fill our ipods with our favourite music.

We probably didn’t do enough on hills but had no problem with Hemi Matenga, Paekak Escarpment, Wharero Farm, Matai Huka or Mt Kau Kau. We didn’t get to walk in snow or practice beating off wild dogs. One thing we did have to learn was to keep our walking speed down. The key to a long distance walk over many, many days is to walk slowly and softly.

For the last six months Barbara has been learning Spanish using Duolingo, a free online, interactive computer programme. This took about 30 minutes per day.

It will be fun to see how useful that is going to be. Paul practiced weird and wonderful hand gesturing.

Now we are just itching to get started. Keep following us to see how we get on.

People go on pilgrimages for many different reasons:

Religious reasons

• An act of devotion to God in exchange for a miracle
• An act of penance for sins, a way of saying sorry
• In order to touch a holy relic which can bring good fortune or a miraculous cure
• To experience a feeling of spiritual connection and being closer to God

A personal spiritual journey

• An escape from daily life in order to reflect on and receive guidance
• Put everything back in perspective, bring back proper proportion to your life
• To reflect on your life and its direction
• A chance to create space to let your spirit stretch
• Just to take some time out
• Space and time to get back to the basic things, to show there is so little we need

Social reasons

• An adventure, to meet people, see places and stretch your legs
• Curiosity- why do people go and what happens to them at their destination
• Camaraderie of other travelers, sharing experiences and stories
• To experience local culture, enjoy small towns, sample history
• To learn/improve your Spanish
• Celebrate a life passage
• Be part of an ancient ritual
• To inspire your children and grandchildren

A healthy challenge

• A physical and mental challenge
• To go for a long distance walk
• Do something different and interesting
• Doing things is more important than watching
• Because you’ve got to do something
• Looking for a sense of accomplishment
• To live a journey not seek a destination

So why are we doing this?

We first became aware of the Camino about five years ago when Barbara was attracted by a newspaper story of a woman walking part of the way. Then last year we saw the documentary movie Walking the Camino: Six ways to Santiago. This reawakened our interest and we thought well why not? We have the means, the time and hopefully the energy. We then saw the movie The Way, read dozens of books and blogs, and watched a heap of You Tube videos.

We knew if we didn’t do it now then we would never do it so we took the plunge and made some bookings.

For us it is not a pilgrimage. We are not doing it for religious reasons, and probably not for spiritual reasons although who knows what effect the experience will have on the rest of our lives.

It is an adventure and a challenge. Something to take us out of our comfort zone.

An adventure to experience another culture and learn something of the history of that culture.

A physical challenge to attempt a long distance walk.

We also tend to like journeys where progress is made by your own physical effort. We have enjoyed long distance sea kayak and cycling trips and hikes of 3 or 4 days but this was the chance to experience what for us will be a really long walk.

Even if you don’t “find yourself” along the way you’ll definitely find something to tell your friends when you get back.

Dotted along the pilgrim routes at convenient intervals of 10 – 20 km are pilgrim hostels.

Called albergues de peregrines, hostales  or refugios.

Accommodation is usually in bunk beds in dormitories with shared kitchen and bathroom facilities. At busy times overflow accommodation is provided on mattresses on the floor. They do not take bookings and fill up on a first come first served basis. To use them you have to be walking, cycling or travelling by horse, and preference is given to walkers.

In the busy summer months of July and August the albergues fill up fast especially over the last 100km where people are just doing the minimum distance to get a Compostela.

In order to stay in an albergue you must have a Credencial del Peregrino. They don’t open until early afternoon and you must leave by 8.00am. There is a 10.00pm curfew after which the doors are locked and no one can enter. Unless you have a medical certificate you can stay only one night.

The cost is between 6 and 10 euros per bed per night. There are a few hostels known as ‘donativos’ that operate on voluntary donations. Some albergues provide meals.

Albergues are economical and an excellent way to meet and socialise with fellow walkers.  Because you don’t have a pre-booked destination to get to, they also give you the flexibility to adjust how far you want to walk each day depending on conditions, injuries, illness etc. Often they are located in interesting and historic buildings.

They also have the usual disadvantages of communal arrangements: sleep disturbed by loud snorers, not enough hot water for showers, bed bugs etc.

At the busiest times and over the last 100km, each day can tend to become a race to get to the next albergue with people leaving earlier and earlier in the morning: 6am, then 5am, then 4am !

Albergues fit into one of six categories:
Municipal: owned by the local authority, basic with limited facilities
Parish: owned by the local church and run by the parish priest, informal and have a communal meal
Convent or monastery: owned and run by nuns or monks
Association: owned by Spanish or other national confraternities, well equipped, run by volunteers
Network: private hostels formed into a loose association, well equipped and all a similar standard
Private: private hostels not in an association, more flexible with hours and facilities and of variable standards.

We have decided not to use albergues but to stay in pre-booked three star hotels. We have used back packer accommodation in the past but decided at our age we just liked our privacy, peaceful sleep and not having to search around for accommodation at the end of each day.

The Compostela

The Compostela is the original religious certificate, written in Latin, issued by the Church when pilgrims proved they had either walked 100km or travelled 200km by horse (or today by bicycle) to Santiago de Compostela.

It was a valuable document as it showed they had completed their pilgrimage and they had paid their penance. For some getting their Compostela meant they had secured their reference letter to get into heaven.

Today you get a Compostela if you complete your pilgrimage for religious or spiritual reasons. You receive the same Compostela whether you have completed the minimum 100km or say 10,000km.

The translated text is:

“The Chapter of this Holy Apostolic Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint James, custodian of the seal of Saint James’ Altar, to all faithful and pilgrims who come from everywhere over the world as an act of devotion, under vow or promise to the Apostle’s Tomb, our Patron and Protector of Spain, witnesses in the sight of all who read this document, that: Mr/Mrs/Ms…………………has visited devoutly this Sacred Church in a religious sense (pietatis causa).

Witness whereof I hand this document over to him, authenticated by the seal of this Sacred Church.
Given in Saint James of Compostela on the (day) …… (month) …… A.D. ……”

Certificate of Welcome

Many people today cycle or walk the Camino for non-religious reasons eg for a cultural or social experience, for leisure, or to fulfil a personal vow. These people can obtain a non-religious version of the Compostela called a ‘Certificate of Welcome’. The same 100km and 200km rules apply. It is also written in Latin.

The translated text is:

“The Holy Apostolic Metropolitan Cathedral of Santiago de Compostella expresses its warm welcome to the Tomb of the Apostle St James the Greater; and wishes that the holy Apostle may grant you, in abundance, the graces of the Pilgrimage.”

Certificate of Distance

Since 2014 a ‘Certificate of Distance’ is available. This states the starting point and the distance walked/cycled, and is available in many different languages.

The Certificate of Welcome and Certificate of Distance are not a fast track to heaven but are a memento of your journey to Santiago.

The Pilgrim Passport (Credencial del Peregrino)

This is the official record that you have walked (or cycled) the necessary distance to obtain your Compostela or Certificate. The passport is purchased at the start of your journey and you collect stamps each day from hostels, cafes, churches, town halls, or other official establishments along the way (or at least for the last 100km). If you start outside Galacia one stamp per day is required, if you start inside Galacia it is two stamps per day.

On arriving in Santiago you must show your stamped Pilgrim Passport at the Pilgrims’ Office to apply for your Compostela or Certificate.

The Credencial evolved from letters of safe passage granted by the church or the state to people going on a journey through foreign lands. A pilgrim needed to visit their priest and make a confession before being given a letter stating he/she is a bona-fide pilgrim, requesting safe passage, exemption from taxes and tolls and hospitality in the monasteries or ‘hospices’ along the way.

Today a pilgrim needs a Credencial del Peregrino to stay in the network of pilgrim shelters, refugios and albergues, along the Camino routes.

One of the most popular symbols of the Camino de Santiago is the famous yellow arrow which indicates the actual route that crosses the villages, open fields, forests and rivers.

In Spain, especially on the Camino francés, the entire route is extremely well marked with yellow arrows. Sometimes these are crudely brushed onto a wall or post, sometimes they are ‘formally’ created signs. They are  always encountered at division points or intersections in the road or path.

However the story of where the arrows come from is fascinating as they are closely linked to the popularization of the Camino which we owe to Don Elias Valina Sampedro of O Cebreiro Parish – a dedicated priest and scholar who devoted over 30 years of his life to the resurrection and promotion of the Camino.

D Elias was appointed priest of the Parish of Santa Maria La Real of O Cebreiro in 1959 when he was just 30 years old. Under his direction the Church of St Mary’s as well as the ancient inn and pilgrim hospital which he described as being “little more than a dunghill” – were restored and in 1972 O Cebreiro was declared a Historical Monument.

He concentrated all of his energies on the restoration and reanimation of the Camino. In 1967, he wrote his doctoral thesis on – The Road of St James: A Historical and Legal Study. He directed the ‘Artistic Inventory of Lugo and its Province’, six large volumes of an exhaustive description of all the monuments and items that could have any value.

“In the 1970’s there survived only a remote memory of the Jacobean pilgrimage” he wrote. In 1971 he wrote the book ‘Caminos a Compostela’.

In 1972, only 6 pilgrims were awarded the Compostela.

Elias’s guide was published in 1982 and at a gathering in Santiago in 1985 he was entrusted with the co-ordination of all the resources for the Camino. Pilgrim albergues were established and he was the first to mark the way with yellow arrows. He drove all over the north of Spain in his Citroen GS, with paint scrounged from the roads department, painting arrows leading the way to Santiago.

Ten years later, in 1986, the Santiago Cathedral issued 2,491 certificates. In 1989, the year of the Pope’s visit (and sadly, also the year D Elias passed away) 5,760 compostelas were issued. In the 2010 Holy Year (when St James Day, 25th July, falls on a Sunday) 272,703 Compostelas or Certificates were issued.

Each of the estimated 250,000 pilgrims who trustingly follow the yellow arrows this year, should remember the generous hand that lovingly painted them.
    

Pilgrims carried or brought back emblems from their pilgrimage.

From Jerusalem – a palm
From Rome – keys
From Santiago de Compostela – a scallop shell

These emblems were a means of identifying pilgrims from other traders, travellers, etc.

Pilgrims were protected citizens by papal and royal decree.  A sort of international law exempted them from taxes, tolls and tariffs, entitled them to charity and safe-conduct through regions at war, and imposed severe punishment on anyone who robbed or killed a pilgrim.

The scallop shells symbolised the miraculous powers of St James. He is never seen without one.

The origins of this symbol are not clear but for Christians there are two legends:

A young nobleman was carried by a runaway horse into the sea near Padron. He was saved from drowning by St James who emerged from the sea with shells clinging to his garments.

A slight variation is that the young widow of a drowned man prayed to St James, whereupon her bridegroom rose from the sea covered in scallop shells.

In fact in pre-Christian times there was a Roman Road, the via Triana which the pilgrim route now follows, to the temple of Venus at Cape Finisterre. Cape Finisterre (the end of the earth) is about 80km west of Santiago on the Atlantic Coast.

One of the icons of the pagan religion was the scallop shell. It was a symbol of fertility and rebirth and used as a talisman to ward off evil.

The scallop shell icon was appropriated by the Christian Church and is now the symbol of the Camino.

Today the shell is used as a stylised logo and way finding sign all along the routes.

A pilgrimage is a ritual journey with a hallowed purpose. Every step along the way has meaning. The pilgrim knows that life giving challenges will emerge. A pilgrimage is not a vacation; it is a transformational journey during which significant change takes place. New insights are given. Deeper understanding is attained. New and old places in the heart are visited. Blessings are received and healing takes place. On return from the pilgrimage, life is seen with different eyes. Nothing will ever be quite the same again.

Macrina Wiederkehr,
Behold Your Life.

Pilgrimages may be defined as journeys made to some place with the purpose of venerating it, or to ask for supernatural aid when you get there, or to discharge some religious obligation.

A pilgrim is someone who tries to obtain salvation of their soul through a physical journey. The pilgrimage needs to be a difficult journey to a usually distant and sacred place, in which the pilgrim can experience the presence of God, which will bring him or her closer to God so that they may easier find salvation.

Since in the Medieval times virtually everyone believed in God, very many of them were told to go on a pilgrimage by their local Priest, so that they could more easily find their way to heaven by experiencing God on the way there or perhaps on the way back. Such journeys as well as taking a long time, were also dangerous. By risking such dangers the pilgrim was brought closer to God.

The Church encouraged people to make pilgrimages to many of the special holy places. It was believed by many that if you prayed at these shrines you might be forgiven for your sins and have more chance of going to heaven. Others went to shrines hoping to be cured from an illness they were suffering from.

People would undertake a pilgrimage for many different reasons. The motivation for most would be a combination of three closely interrelated reasons.

Firstly, people desired to see and touch places and objects that were considered holy. This might involve travelling to view places associated with Jesus or it might be to view relics of a favourite saint. The purpose of this pilgrimage was to attempt to make the object of faith more real.

Secondly, people visited holy sites to make amends for having committed sin. By doing a pilgrimage as a penance, they hoped for forgiveness. These pilgrimages might have been for private reasons or for public reasons. They may have been voluntary or they may have been forced.

Finally, people went on a pilgrimage for the simple pleasure of travelling. In a time that offered very few opportunities to experience the world, pilgrimage was an exciting, challenging opportunity to leave village life behind.

A medieval picture of pilgrims on the way to Santiago

(i) The need to see and touch

The earliest pilgrimages of the fourth century to the Holy Land were based on a desire to see the places made famous by Bible stories. These might be described as ’empathetic’ pilgrimages, because the pilgrims literally wanted ‘to walk in the footsteps of the Master’. At the end of the fourth century Paulinus of Nola explained that:

‘No other sentiment draws men to Jerusalem then the desire to see and touch the places where Christ was physically present… Theirs is a truly spiritual desire to see the places where Christ suffered, rose from the dead, and ascended into heaven… The manger of His birth, the river of His baptism, the garden of His betrayal…the thorns of His crowning, the wood of His crucifixion, the stone of His burial: all these things recall God’s former presence on earth and demonstrate the ancient basis of our modern beliefs’ 

The desire to make the Christian faith more ‘real’, is something that all pilgrimages shared in common. To actually be in the presence of something ‘holy’; to see, or better still, touch something connected to a ‘holy’ event (the site of a miracle or the relic of a saint for example) made the believing much easier.

(ii) Penance: public and private motivation

The concept of penance is central to pilgrimage in the Middle Ages. If you do something wrong in the eyes of God you commit sin. In order to be forgiven and to avoid going to Hell, you must confess your sins and do a penance. Undertaking a pilgrimage as a penance would be compulsory and where you went would be decided for you. The more serious the sin, the further away you were sent. In Languedoc in France, pilgrimages were classified as minor, major or overseas.

From the 13th century, pilgrimage was also used as a punishment for crimes, particularly for scandalous crimes by the powerful and famous. Pilgrimages imposed by the law are called judicial pilgrimages. They were quite convenient, because the community got rid of the criminal without the cost of imprisonment. In 1319, Roger de Bonito was sent to Rome, Santiago and Jerusalem for the murder of a bishop. If you committed murder, it was common to have the murder weapon hung around your neck throughout the pilgrimage. If you were guilty of heresy, you might be expected to wear two yellow crosses on your front and back. As a consequence, you were not treated like other pilgrims but instead would be publicly humiliated. You would also be expected to collect signatures at all the shrines you visited, to prove you had been there. In particularly scandalous cases you might also be expected to undertake the pilgrimage barefoot or even naked!

For many pilgrims their motivation was very personal and completely voluntary. They might still be motivated by the need to do a penance, but the sin committed might be something only God would know about. The people would also go on pilgrimages to attain better health, for themselves or for their loved ones; for protection from enemies or to honour a vow. They wandered with the strong conviction that the relics or pictures of the saints kept at the place of miracle, would guarantee the presence of the saint itself. Pilgrims believed that the saints would perform miracles and cure diseases.  They would pray to God or to a saint, promising that if the sick person recovered, they would make a pilgrimage to the grave of the saint afterwards to honour the vow, in praise. You could even go on pilgrimage to release a dead person from purgatory.

Eventually the pilgrimages became more regulated, connected to and motivated by the idea of the indulgence. According to this notion, the church held a treasury of extra ‘merits’ because Jesus and the saints had done so many good deeds. These extra merits would be given to whoever underwent a pilgrimage to a certain destination. The sins of the pilgrim could be forgiven to whatever extent the church desired. The pilgrims might hope to save their souls from eternal damnation in Hell or shorten or entirely escape purgatory.  One general belief was that if you undertook a pilgrimage to the grave of St. James the Apostle in Santiago, your time in purgatory would be halved.

Pilgrims wore rough clothes and carried staffs

(iii) A sort of medieval tourism.

Medieval life for most was monotonous and strictly controlled. Most people never travelled outside of the region in which they were born. A pilgrimage was often the only chance people had to travel. A pilgrimage journey would often be dangerous, uncomfortable and boring, but it did give people the opportunity to be something they rarely were, strangers. (The word ‘pilgrim’ literally means ‘stranger’) In medieval villages everyone knew everyone else’s business. There was very little privacy.

For reasons of safety, Pilgrims tended to do the journey in groups. As well as providing opportunities to make new friends, it also meant there were plenty of parties or ‘making merry’.

Indeed, on arrival at the destination, pilgrims would often encounter a scene not too dissimilar to the modern day package holiday. Chances are they would be met on the roads outside the town by boys sent by hotel owners and innkeepers offering accommodation. Advertising billboards for accommodation could be found in surrounding villages, often many miles from the final destination. At the sanctuary itself, particularly the famous ones, pilgrims would be met by a large noisy crowd. There were many people making money from the pilgrims.  Among the fellow pilgrims, there would be buskers and entertainers, market stalls and pickpockets, beggars and prostitutes. There were primitive postcards and souvenir pilgrim-badges to buy from licensed traders.

There were three pre-eminent pilgrimages in the Middle Ages:

• Jerusalem – first in importance, the place where Jesus lived, died and resurrected. It was expensive, very dangerous and difficult to reach and under Moorish domination for a long time.
• Rome – second in importance with the tombs of Saints Peter and Paul and many other Christian Martyrs. In the power struggles between the Pope and the European Kings a visit to Rome could become a dangerous political statement identifying the pilgrim as a papist.
• Santiago de Compostela – third in importance with the tomb of St James was relatively easy and safe to visit.

At the height of its popularity in the 11^th and 12^th centuries, each year more than half a million pilgrims used the road to Santiago de Compostela.

James, a fisherman, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, and brother of John, another of the Apostles.  He is known as James the Greater to distinguish him from another James Apostle (James the Lesser). He is traditionally considered to be the first Apostle to be martyred. He was the son of Zebedee and Salome.  Salome is thought to be the sister of the Virgin Mary, so James could be the first cousin of Jesus.

According to ancient tradition, but without any historical evidence, after the death of Jesus, James preached the gospel in Iberia (Spain) without much success before returning to Judea where he was beheaded by King Herod Agrippa 1 in 44AD.

After his martyrdom his disciples carried his body (and head) by sea back to Iberia in a stone boat, where they landed at Iria Flavia (now Padrón) on the coast of Galicia, and took it 80kms inland for burial. After imprisonment by the Romans, release by an angel, a miracle involving Queen Lupa and a snake, James was buried in a stone tomb at the site of what is now Santiago de Compostela.

The saint’s body was forgotten for the next 800 years through Roman, Visigoth and Moorish occupation.

Early in the ninth century a local hermit named Pelagius had a vision, accompanied by a star, which indicated the location of the tomb. The tomb was conveniently rediscovered in a time of great need when Christian political and military fortunes in Spain were at their lowest ebb after they had suffered many defeats at the hands of the Muslims.

The local bishop declared the contents to be the remains of St James and two of his disciples, and the King of the region (Asturius) declared St James to be worshipped as the protector of Spain. A church and monastery were built on the site and a town grew up around them.

The town was known as Campo de la Estella (the Field of the Star) later to become Compostela. However it now seems the name comes from the Latin word Composteum which means burial ground and modern excavations show it was the site of a Roman cemetery.

The saint’s remains inspired the Christians with confidence that he was on their side, fighting in the battlefields with them through the heroic figure of Santiago and the holy saint became a warrior.

The name Santiago is the local Galician evolution of Vulgar Latin Sanctu Iacobu, “Saint James”.

Many tales arose of the miraculous influence of St James in every field from medicine to military. From the 9^th to the 13^th centuries St James miraculously appeared in many battles crushing the forces of Islam as Spain was liberated from the Moors.

In many of the churches along the pilgrim route he is depicted on horseback wielding a sword liberating his country. Santiago Matamoros, St James the Moor-slayer!